School Violence :: School Violence Essays

early days Violence A Report of the Surgeon General. Chapter 4-Risk Factors for Youth Violence. 2000. ww.surgeongeneral.gov/library/youthviolence/report.html This Web rank explains that risk factors for violence are not static. Their predictive value changes depending on when they occur in a young persons development, in what social context, and under what circumstances. Risk factors may be found in the individual, the environment, or the individuals ability to respond to the demands or requirements of the environment. Some factors come into play during puerility or even earlier, whereas others do not appear until adolescence. Some involve the family, others the neighborhood, the school, or the peer group. Some become less important as a person matures. Somewhat informative but not sure if I want to use this source.Alexander Volokh with Lisa Snell. School Violence Prevention Strategies to Keep Schools Safe. www.rppi.org/ps234.html. This site addresses that school violence is a ser ious problem, especially in public schools. Improving the quality of American education is difficult without also addressing school violence, since disregardless of how good the teachers or curriculum are, violence makes it difficult for students to learn. School violence wears many faces. It includes gang activity, locker thefts, bullying and intimidation, gun use, assaultjust more or less anything that produces a victim. Violence is perpetrated against students, teachers, and staff, and ranges from intentional vendettas to accidental killings of bystanders. Often, discussions of school violence are lumped together with discussions of school discipline generally, as both involve questions of how to maintain enunciate in a school. This is a well informed site.Monica Davey and Jodi Wilgoren. Signs of Danger were missed in a Troubled Teenagers Life. 24 Mar. 2005. www.nytimes.com .Some who knew Jeff Weise say they admiration why someone did not see his eruption coming months, or ev en years, ago. Here was the threat Mr. Wse, 16, once made on his own life, send him away from his home on the Red Lake Indian Reservation for psychiatric treatment. There were the pictures of bloodied bodies and guns he drew and shared freely with classmates. There was the story he apparently wrote about a shooting spree at a school in a small town. This doesnt seem to be such an important source for a paper.Dr. Peter. R. Breggin. Eric Harris Was Taking Luvox ( A Prozac-like drug) at the Time of the Littleton Murders. 30 Apr. 1999. www.breggin.com/luvox.html. In this site Dr. Breggin confirms that Eric Harris, was taking Luvox.

The Orphan Characters of in Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay -- Heart o

The Orphan Characters of Heart of Darkness All Conrads major characters are, in a fundamental sense, orphans. To men like Marlow, his parents offer him no ordain place in an ordered world, or, if such a place exists, they do not feel it is a real alternative for them. The knowledge of a hostile, kill force at the center of existence brings to Conrads characters a constant sense of their personal vulnerability. Before this revelation, they were orphans in search of a ground for their lives, but they never doubted their ability to disc everywhere such a ground. For most of Conrads characters, the experience of vulnerability marks the real beginning of their voyage. Conrads novels are attempts to come to terms with this experience, to work disclose ways of living with or overcoming this knowledge, for only if any(prenominal) such way can be found can man ever attain a stable identity. Perhaps mind can confront the darkness directly and master it. Although this darkness is in its e ssence something alien to mind, if mind can addition its control over this force, if it can give it rational form and substance and thus fix the image of the ombre sinistre et fuyante the darkness will be robbed of its destructive potential. By assimilating its sources in this way, it might still be possible for man to achieve self, sufficiency. While he will not have found a father, found some source, which naturally confers its reality upon him, man will have made one. For most of Conrads characters, the initial thrust of their attempt to assert sovereignty over the ground of their existence is directed toward its immediate source in the irrational. Ultimately, however, mans efforts to control the darkness must lead him beyond t... ...land it is among the things they order better in France. Mr.Graham Greene, who has wise(p) both from France and Conrad, has grasped this fact, and never proposes to make our flesh creep as Conrad and James in these stories do. Kurtz may be describe d as the logical consequence for some(prenominal) man of admitting a breach in those defenses that the guarding of personal integrity constantly requires. The line of human heads with which his station had been embellished only showed, Marlow reflects, that there was something wanting in him- some small matter which, when the pressing need arose, could not be bound. Or- as it is expressed elsewhere - his nerves went wrong. There are several(prenominal) other tales of this period- notably Falk and The End of the Tether-, which turn upon this theme. And it makes, if with a somewhat less lurid coloring, the basis of Lord Jim (1900). (22)

Anthropologie du Bo (Théorie et Pratique du gris-gris) :: French Essays

Anthropologie du Bo (Thorie et Pratique du gris-gris)ABSTRACT Subjective knowledge should not be separated from anthropology. But, unfortunately, this is the prevailing practice. The anthropology of Bo expresses the presence of Africa in anthropology. The authenticity of the African is found in his fervent practice of Bo. His thought, action, relations with others-his entire way of life-is based on the practice of Bo insofar as he wears Bo names. Bo is deeply rooted in his cultural values and comprises the background for all social organizations and thus acts as a social regulator. In Western anthropology there is a scientific musical theme in African anthropology there is a Bo mentality that attempts to understand the world and then conquer it.ProblmatiqueLe premier devoir de lhomme selon Socrate, est de se connatre soi-mme. De philosophique cette connaissance est devenue anthropologique de nos jours. Lanthropologie est une science qui tend lexclusion stilbestrol autres, stilbe strol autres hommes, des autres socits, des autres cultures. Lhomme quelle connat nest pas un tre abstrait, mais un homme concret, de tel continent, de telle race, de tel pays, de telle culture. Cest par exemple lafricain en gnral ou le bninois en particulier. Ainsi nous allons au cours de ce vingtime (XXme) Congrs Mondial de Philosphie, rflchir sur lhomme en nous appuyant sur sa pratique du Bo (concept fon traduit en franais par gris-gris).Dans lHomme et ladaptation au milieu, Ren DUBOS crit la page On a gnralement tendance considrer que les activits scientifiques (recherches, etc...) sont mettre part de lensemble des manifestations de la vie humaine, et mme quelles sont au-dessus cette tendance est dangeureuse pour lhumanit elles risque mme de freiner le progrs scientifique. En fait, vu les rapports troits qui existent entre lentreprise scientifique et la totalit de la vie sociale, il est probable que la poursuite de la science ne sera possible que si les savants parviennen t rattacher leur curiosit professionnelle aux intrts et aux aspirations de lhumanit en gnral... Le choix des priorits ne pourra plus se faire uniquement selon les critres de prfrence presonnelle de plus en plus il sera fonction des exigences de la socit. La science est comparable un organisme qui ne peut survivre quen sadaptant lvolution de la socit au sein de laquelle elle fonctionne. Cette longue citation de lanthropologue amricain claire dune lumire vive nos proccupations dans le choix de notre sujet ANTHROPOLOGIE DU BO (thorie et pratique du gris-gris).

Justice as Defined by Augustine and Aristotle Essay -- The City of God

Justice as Defined by Augustine and Aristotle Justice removed, then, what are kingdoms but great bands of robbers? (Augustine, The metropolis of God against the Pagans, p. 1471). Augustine makes quite a claim here. The presence or absence of umpire, he implies, can make or break a great kingdom. What is this justice that Augustine speaks of? Is it the philosopher kings that define Platos just city2, or perhaps Aristotles good life3? Augustine approaches the challenge of defining justice in a different, but not inescapably contradictory way, than his predecessors. In The City of God against the Pagans, mans relationship with justice is only secondary for Augustine, justice is about God. The title of his book totally reveals that Augustine is deeply religious. Rarely in City of God is there a discussion that does not have divine elements or references, and his discussion of justice is no exception. For Augustine, justice seems to be the combination of two things recognition by man of his place in the world below God, and strict (or as strict as possible by a mortal) observance of Gods laws. The second part is actually the easier one of the two to examine. Man is simply supposed to honor the teachings professed in Christianitys religious texts to the best of his ability. The interpretation of the correct ways to follow those laws is another matter, but one that Augustine pays little aid to. Augustines attention is focused rather on mans recognition of his place below God, and in a greater sense, on mans pry for God. impeded by mans own humilityespecially when the divine providence justly resisted their pride, so that it might show by comparison with them that i... ...ry opinion would opt Aristotle, and I am inclined to agree. Aristotles secular, capitalist-tolerant view seems like it would jive more with todays society than would Augustines deeply religious near-asceticism. In America, we live in a world of material posse ssions and manage to live better than citizens of any other nation, and most would agree we are not lifetime in a world of sin or on the edge of turmoil. Then again, some would. Personally, I envision justice as a combination between ambition and moderationright down Aristotles alley. In addition, I appreciate Aristotles optimism and faith in us mortals, optimism not as present in Augustines vision.1 Augustine. The City of God against the Pagans. Trans. R. W. Dyson. Cambridge, 1998.2 Platos Republic3 Aristotles Politics4 Aristotle. Politics. Trans. Ernest Barker. Oxford 1995.

The Unconstitutionality of the Communications Decency Act of 1996 Essay

The Unconstitutionality of the communication theory Decency Act of 1996The U.S. Congress passed the Telecommunications Act of 1996 on February 1, 1996. Title V of this Act was the Communications Decency Act, or CDA, whose main goal was to put pornography on the earnings. It was intended to be similar to the regulations that had already been passed allowing the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to regulate indecency on radio and Television (Communications). According to the Center for Democracy and engineering, the CDA prohibited posting indecent or patently offensive materials in a public forum on the Internet including web pages, newsgroups, chat rooms, or online discussion lists (Overview). This could have potentially come to prohibit from the Internet some classic texts and other material which, although offensive to some, is saved in print infra the First Amendment. It is also important to note that child pornography, which was a reason many supported the CDA, was already illegal under laws passed before the CDA (Overview). For these reasons, the CDA was challenged and ruled unconstitutional in a soil Court in Pennsylvania, and the Supreme Court eventually upheld that decision (Communications).In what could roughly be considered a primary source, David L. Sobel of the University of Florida College of Law outlined many arguments against the CDA. His article in the Journal of Technology Law and Policy (University of Florida College of Law) was written after the run into 21, 1996 decision in the Philadelphia, PA District Court but before the case ever went to the Supreme Court in Reno v. American Civil Liberties kernel on June 26, 1997 (Sobel). It is interesting to note that many of Sobels ar... ...cessed 6 November 2004. http//www.cdt.org/speech/cda/Communications Decency Act. Wilkipedia Online Encyclopedia. Online. Accessed 6 November 2004. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_Decency_Act.Sobel, David L. The Constitutional ity of the Communications Decency Act Censorship on the Internet. Journal of Technology Law and Policy (University of Florida College of Law). 11, Spring 1996. Online. Accessed 6 November 2004. http//journal.law.ufl.edu/techlaw/1/sobel.htmlStevens, John Paul. Opinion of the Court Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Argued March 19. 1997 --- Decided June 26, 1997. Legal Information Institute. Online. Accessed 6 November 2004. http//supct.law.cornell.edu/supct/search/display.html?terms=CDA&url=/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0521_0844_ZO.html

The Unconstitutionality of the Communications Decency Act of 1996 Essay

The Unconstitutionality of the communications Decency Act of 1996The U.S. Congress passed the Telecommunications Act of 1996 on February 1, 1996. Title V of this Act was the Communications Decency Act, or CDA, whose main(prenominal) goal was to regulate pornography on the Internet. It was intended to be similar to the regulations that had already been passed allowing the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to regulate indecency on wireless and Television (Communications). According to the Center for Democracy and Technology, the CDA prohibited posting indecent or patently offensive textiles in a public meeting place on the Internet including web pages, newsgroups, chat rooms, or online discussion lists (Overview). This could have potentially come to prohibit from the Internet some classic texts and other material which, although offensive to some, is protected in print under the First Amendment. It is also important to note that child pornography, which was a reason man y supported the CDA, was already illegal under laws passed before the CDA (Overview). For these reasons, the CDA was challenged and ruled unconstitutional in a District hail in Pennsylvania, and the Supreme Court eventually upheld that decision (Communications).In what could almost be considered a primary source, David L. Sobel of the University of Florida College of Law outlined many arguments against the CDA. His article in the Journal of Technology Law and Policy (University of Florida College of Law) was indite after the March 21, 1996 decision in the Philadelphia, PA District Court but before the case ever went to the Supreme Court in Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union on June 26, 1997 (Sobel). It is interesting to note that many of Sobels ar... ...cessed 6 November 2004. http//www.cdt.org/speech/cda/Communications Decency Act. Wilkipedia Online Encyclopedia. Online. Accessed 6 November 2004. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_Decency_Act.Sobel, David L. The Constitutionality of the Communications Decency Act Censorship on the Internet. Journal of Technology Law and Policy (University of Florida College of Law). 11, Spring 1996. Online. Accessed 6 November 2004. http//journal.law.ufl.edu/techlaw/1/sobel.htmlStevens, John Paul. Opinion of the Court Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Argued March 19. 1997 --- Decided June 26, 1997. Legal Information Institute. Online. Accessed 6 November 2004. http//supct.law.cornell.edu/supct/search/display.html?terms=CDA&url=/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0521_0844_ZO.html

Vaclav Havel: Into the Heart of a Passionate Writer

Writers ar avery passionate group of people. Their identities are shaped and formed through their written words. Their pens, combined with wit, carry literary works that brighten the stage, screen, book or any other reading material, and influence a great audience. Inspiration is taken from different sources, and choices are varied. Sometimes, too, their tool is used to create literary bombs that are more explosive than physical weapons combined.Vaclav Havel, a playwright, human rights activist and former Czech President, is matchless influential example of this group. To his countrymen and admirers, he is a non able-bodied hero as he was able to shake his nation former Czechoslovakia and present Czech Republic to sneak up and take action against the evils of society.He belonged to a wealthy family, who was forced to give up their belongings during Communist rule. This didnt stop him, however, in furthering his studies though he was deprived of his supposed privileges til no w censor from pursuing formal university education. This turning point gave him the opportunity to discover the world of literature and enhance his artistry employ his countrys situation as theme in just nigh of his works.Various adjectives may be used to describe him radical, nonconformist, leftist. But more so, he trick be regarded as a very passionate man in his field. As Matt Welch would describe him, Hes a fiction writer whose engagement with the world lead him to manipulate the nonfiction political essay. This, he would later prove useful as when chaos threatened to ruin his country. The collection of his writings displays his unmatched creativity at targeting his countrys enemies and defending the rights of his bronco bustermen.History, Arts & PoliticsFormer Czechoslovakia has a rich history to be told, like similar countries that experienced invasion, war and political crisis. That is why politics and the Arts are deeply rooted in the lives and history of Czechs.Duri ng the transition periods from Communism to Social Reformation to Soviet Rule to Reformation, the Arts played a vital position in metaphorically criticizing the system when freedom of expression and direct address were restricted. Czech writers used their skill to relay their countrys grievances to a gathered crowd and even to a few small, silent groups.Havel, having mastered the art of writing as a playwright, extended his talent to writing essays and delivering speeches to address the growing plight of his fellowmen during those times. Examples of his most famous works like The Garden Party, Temptation, and The Increased Difficulty of Concentration were long banned in his homeland. He spent yearsin and out of prison because of his open criticisms against dictatorship and fighting for what he believed in. Even for battling personal wars and physical health conditions that nearly killed him, he never failed at implementing his cause.He would a good deal emphasize through his writi ngs and speeches the need to use common sense in governing, emphasizing his total dislike of the totalitarian system and fake ideologies. He wowed the silent and fearful crowd by his straightforwardness and determination in delivering the message across. The contemporary world became his refuge while deeply focusing on the growing need for change, and attacking the system and its allies.His open letter to Gustav Husak, former Czechoslovakia dictator denouncing his way of governance and the effect against the Czech people- is one admirable feat. It steamy the uprising that last freed his country, thereby eradicating the injustice that Communism brought and successfully owning their long-deprived freedoms at last.The Velvet Revolution started. When the rock group The Plastic People of the Universe were banned and arrested for doing underground performances, Havel co-founded Charter 77, a human rights organization defending those violated which was subsequently supported by the form ation of other human rights organizations.Musicians, writers and filmmakers created a light mood out of the dreary situation by organizing theater performances. It resulted to the Prague Spring, which opened opportunities for artists to inform and involve the world of their situation to which the world responded accordingly. This, in turn, led to the stoppage of further performances and exile of those gifted individuals. But due to their boldness and the strong support of the Czech people, a series of groundbreaking events happened that eventually weakened the government.Havels written and verbal denunciations were always noticed and conserved reason that he had to pay for by serving prison terms and torture. It still cadaver a wonder, though, why he wasnt executed when some of the other reformists were purged by the government. He is just lucky indeed to be alive and continue his mission.His portal to politics was also bittersweet. He had critics, mostly from those exiled durin g the Stalinist-style governance who were his former counterparts. He immediately shared his platforms, which focused on interaction and involvement, upon assuming the presidential seat. He coined the term nonpolitical politics to highlight his philosophy of leadership with heart and soul, rather than plain implementation of rules. His rule led to gradual and drastic reforms combined. These actions, though, led to some of his former friends calling him a traitor and masked social ally but, he remained steadfast in his beliefs. Reflections of these events in his life were written in his Summer Meditations. It was his passage to discuss his own conflicts with the world, while helping build a better society.Much was said for and against him, but even for the many negative comments, his irrefutable actions outshone. His independent attitude led to a very colorful and exciting life that he was proud of and which, also colored his country and fellow mens once hopeless lives.Modern Czec h Theatre and Present Czech RepublicThe Czech Theatre as well as the Czech Republic will not be what it is now had it not been for the efforts of Havel and a few others. We can say that Czechs, who run throughnt experienced the bitter past of their country but have heard about it, can say nothing but praise to the people who led them to democracy.Freedoms are not deprived anymore, thanks to the dramatic political changes that shaped their country. Now, Czechs can sit back and relax while listening to music or watching shows that depict a freer expression of the artists involved without fear of prosecution or unjust torture.The Arts have graced the stage throughout their history, but the sweetest result is the present situation where everyone can join and express their thoughts without fear. Many talented individuals have sprung up following Havel and his counterparts footsteps. The international scene is now one of their channels in showcasing their gifts. The remaining group of t he past, that were once commanded to stop, is proud of the fruits of their labor.Nobody cant help observe their situation and lifestyle today without involving politics and the arts, which formed their identity as a nation. Their nation and culture was built on firm foundation beef up throughout the years that it was under colonial rule.Havel may just be one trigger that sparked the gradual evolution of literature and politics. He could have chosen to stay mum and be a puppet to the system, but his desire to have a free Czechoslovakia and to be a free man prevailed, despite fear of being prosecuted and sentenced.For most, he may be legendary. To some, downright crazy. But overall, he is one big influence who helped give breathing space for his fellow Czechs while allowing some for himself. Today, he continues to inspire, through his life story and works, a number of people who look up to him in awe, wondering how he was able to put his act together and do something quite impossib le and fearful at first thought, but possible if one is really determined at achieving it.And as a passionate writer with compassion to his homeland, he was able to use his talent to give the greatest gift his country long merit freedom which is made sweeter by the long journey it has undergone before actually owning it.Works CitedCzech Republic Today. The World Book Encyclopedia of People and Places. 2000.Havel, Vaclav. faculty member American Encyclopedia. 15th ed. 1994.Welch, Matt. Velvet President Why Vaclav Havel is Our George Orwell and More? Mar 2003.Reason Online Free Minds and Free Markets.12 January 2008. .

Hot Wet Equatorial Climate

THE HOT, WET EQUATORIAL CLIMATE Distribution -Is found between 5 and 10N and S of the equator. Its greatest extent is found in the lowlands of the amazon, Congo D. R, Malaysia and the East Indies. -Further away from the equator, the influence on the on-shore Trade Winds gives rise to a modified type of equatorial climate with the Monsoon influences. -Within the tropics, the equatorial highlands have a distinctively cooler climate, modified by altitude such as the Cameron highlands, northern Andes and Kenyan highlands in East AfricaMap CLIMATE 1. Temperature The most outstanding peculiarity of an equatorial climate is its great uniformity of temperature through out the year The mean annual temperatures ar always around 27C with real little variation. -there is no winter. -cloudiness and precipitation help to moderate the daily temperature so that even at the equator itself the climate is bearable. -regular land and sea breezes also assist in maintaining a truly equable climate. -the diurnal prescribe is small and so is the annual range.Figures below illustrate the rhythm of climate experienced in 2 different equatorial regions, one on lowland (Kuala Lumpur) and the other on the highland (Bogota). Kuala Lumpur Month JFMAMJJASOND Temp(C)262627272727262626262627 Rainfall (mm)170170236279216127104157185274257231 Annual precipitation 2 413mm Annual temperature range 1C (27C 26C) Bogota Month JFMAMJJASOND Temp(C)141415151414141414141414 Rainfall (mm)948912424416581668474213224142 Annual precipitation 1 610mm Annual temperature range 1C (15C 14C) 2. Rainfall Rainfall is heavy, between 1 524mm and 2 540mm and well distributed throughout the year. There is no month without rain. There are two periods of maximum rainfall, April and October which occur shortly after the equinoxes. The double rainfall peaks coinciding with the equinoxes are a characteristic feature of equatorial climates not found in every other type of climate. -Due to great heat in the equator ial belt mornings are bright and sunny. There is much evaporation and convection air currents are bound up, followed by heavy downpours of convectional rains in the afternoon from the towering cumulonimbus clouds. -Besides the convectional rainfall, mountainous regions also experience much Orographic or relief rainfall.In addition, there are nearly intermittent showers from cyclonic atmospheric disturbances caused by the convergence of air currents in the doldrums. -The relative humidity is constantly high (over80%) making one feel horny and uncomfortable. NATURAL VEGETATION -Equatorial region support a luxuriant type of dense vegetation the tropical rain forest- because of heavy rainfall and uniform temperature. -In the Amazon lowlands, the forest is so dense and so complete that a special term Selvas is used. 1. A great variety of vegetation -The equatorial vegetation comprises a multitude of evergreen trees that yield tropical hardwood e. . mahogany, ebony, greenheart, cabinet woods and dyewoods. -There are smaller palm trees, climbing plants like lianas or rattan which may be hundred of metres long and epiphytic and parasitic plants that live on other plants. -Under the trees grow a wide variety of creepers, ferns, orchids and lalang 2. A distinct layer show .-From the air, the tropical rain forest appears like a thick preemptopy of foliage. All plants struggle upwards for sunlight resulting in a peculiar by and by arrangement. -The tallest trees attain a height of 45m with dense undergrowth that can tolerate shade. 3. Multiple species Trees of equatorial rainforest are not found in fine stands of a single species like in the temperate where forests where only a few species occur in a particular area. This has made timber victimization to be difficult. 4. Forest clearings -Many parts of the virgin tropical rainforests have been cleared either for lumbering or shifting cultivation. When these clearings are abandoned, less luxuriant auxiliary forest s, called belukar in Malaysia, spring up. -These are characterised by short trees and very dense undergrowth. Mangrove forests thrive in the coastal areas and brackish swamps. LIFE AND DEVELOPMENTThe equatorial regions are generally sparsely populated. In the forests most primitive people live as hunters and collectors and the more advanced ones practice shifting cultivation. Food is so thick in such a habitat that many people worry very little the life of the next day. There are numerous animals, birds and reptiles and can be hunted to serve the needs of the community. Crops grown include manioc (tapioca), yams, maize, bananas and groundnuts. Plantation agriculture is also practised widely with the outstanding crop, rubber. Malaysia and Indonesia are the confidential information producers of rubber.Another tropical crop is cocoa, which is more extensively cultivated in West Africa in Ghana and Ivory Coast. Other crops include oil palm, cocoanuts, coffee, tea, tobacco, spices, ban anas, pineapples, etc. FACTORS bear upon DEVELOPMENT Equatorial climate and health excessive heat and humidity expose human beings to sunstroke and to such diseases as malaria and yellow fever. Prevalence of bacteria and insect pests. Jungle hinders development and maintenance. Rapid deterioration of tropical soil. Difficulties in lumbering and live stock farming. Poor pasture.

How effective is tuberculosis (TB) treatment in less economically developed countries?

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that is maked by several bacteria called Tubercle bacillus. The bacterium were discovered and named as a cause of TB in 1882 by the German Biologist Robert Koch. Tubercle bacillus is a small and extremely dangerous bacterium it has a long life hybridize and can survive for months in dryness and resist mild disinfectants (Stefan, 2000).TB is a contagious disease which spreads in similar way to common low temperature and flu viruses the bacteria are transferred from host to host in small droplets. There are numerous types of TB, of which Pulmonary TB is one. It can be transferred when an infect person sneezes, coughs or spits and an uninfected person comes into contact with the droplets, for congresswoman in saliva (Stefan, 2000).SymptomsThe symptoms of this disease are severe coughing including bloody mucus, chest pains, steepness in breathe, fever, weight loss and sweating. The secondary infection affects the immune system, bones and g ut. The most common scenario when infected with TB is when a person contacts it following some other disease or infection which has weakened the immune system. For example when a person has the human immunodeficiency virus (human immunodeficiency virus) their immune system is weakened people with human immunodeficiency virus therefore show an join ond rate of TB infections. Only when you show symptoms of TB can you infect others (Ottenhoff and Kaufmann, 2012).Organ infected by tuberculosisTB is an extremely harmful disease cause by microorganisms called Tubercle bacillus. It harms many organs in the human body. It mainly affects the lung (as shown in figure 1) and that is called pulmonary tuberculosis the initial symptom last up to 6/7 months. During this long time stop consonant the immune system fights of the disease and bacterium. After that finish and the immune system resisting the disease some particles of the bacteria escapes into the bloodstream, this is then carried aro und the body. Usually the immune system cannot stop the bacteria and leads to macrocosm un s heighted. If left untreated for a long period of time then the environment in the body is perfect for the bacteria to multiple, this is extremely dangerous as the tissues of the organ for example the tissue of the lung may become infected. When the lung is infected it results in destruction in the respiratory system. It is important this is not left unattended as it will cause permanent scarring to the tissues of organs.DiagnosisThe main method of diagnosing TB is a harmless skin adjudicate. This is performed by injecting a small amount of smooth-spoken chthonic the skin around the forearm this is a special fluid containing a protein copied from the microorganism Tubercle bacillus. After a few days the area where the fluid was injected is visually scanned. To determine whether you energise the infection the scientist will measure the diameter and hardness of skin where the injection was placed. If the area if hard and the skin appears to be brocaded it will mean you have a bacterial protein present in your body. The redness in the area injection is not taken in to account. With this test it is possible to get false positive, for example a negative test does not mean you do not have TB. If the test is positive a chest x-ray will be taken to assess whether the TB infection is active (see figure 1).Areas affected by tuberculosisTB was a main cause of destruction in the late 19th century and early 20th century. TB still occurs in humans worldwide and more concentrated in many ontogenesis countries and kills 4 out of 10 people who are infected.Figure 2 shows that over 15 eld (1990 to 2005) the estimated TB incidence rate global has not changed much, with incidence in Europe slowly increasing whilst staying below the global average. In Africa however the estimated incidence has remained above the global average. Figure 2 also demonstrates that having human immunodefi ciency virus (HIV) is a risk factor for being infected with TB. HIV is a designate which affects a person immune system, and so makes suffers more vulnerable disease. Therefore attempting to reduce the prevalence of HIV could also reduce the rate of TB in Africa population. This is a social problem as HIV is spread by contact with bodily fluid from a HIV suffer, therefor social knowledge programs about safe conduct with HIV suffers could help reduce both disease and HIV. However the information (fig 2) only shows up to 2005. More recent info would be needed to see how the rates have changed from 2005-present.suffers more vulnerable disease.There is also a correllation between TB and stinting condition. Hihgest incidences are seen in africa, where the gross domestic product (GDP) is low. The world health organisation (WHO) predicted that 8 million people per annum contract TB, 95% of these cases are found in developing countries. It is estimated that 3 million perople die from TB e actually year, which means the 4 put of 10 people infected from developing countries die each year.in-migration (process of relocation permanently to a foreign country or area) is increasing which leads to countries that usually have relatively low incidence of TB reporting an increase in the number if case per annum.TB is often referred to as a disease of poverty because it is common in developing countries. TB is transmitted in those conditions with areas that are overcrowded, have poor ventilation and a lack of nutrients in their diet. Living in an overcrowded area increases the risk of contracting TB as the airborne droplets are able spread faster an example of this would be an overcrowded area such as a prison. Groups who have the largest chances of catching the disease are those who have close contact with infected persons over a long period of time and live in a poorly ventilated room.Figure 3 shows clearly that the continent of Africa has the highest number of TB cases in its population. There is a link between poverty and TB. This is because the population there is living in a poor lifestyle or HIV is very common. As discussed above, HIV makes a person vulnerable to TB because it weakens the immune system. Another reason for this economic link could be that hard manual workers, with lower economic status, often live on a diet with fewer nutrients, which also weakens the immune system, leave a person more vulnerable to TB.Because this is a disease of poverty there are economic implications the countries affected have no cash to trust in finding treatment and research. The burden then falls on more economically developed countries. However because of the benefits being gained from this pharmaceuticals companies invest comminuted money into TB research. The reliability of fig 3 on the estimated of the cases varies depending on the sources. Economically developing countries have easy access to medical data, e.g. NHS in UK. However data on less econ omically developed countries is less reliable due to less health services.1.2 Different types of antibioticsIsoniazoid is the medicate most commonly used to treat TB, and is the most in effect(p). Isoniazoid is bactericidal (capable of killing bacteria and viruses), non-toxic, easy to access and inexpensive. The usual dosage is 3 to 5mg/kg body mass produced in a peak concentration. The drug is effective because it travels throughout the entire body, including the cavities. The drug concentration is alike to the concentration found in the serum.Rifampin is also a bactericidal for TB. exchangeable Isoniazoid it is non-toxic and is easy to access. It is effective as it is absorbed quickly from the stomach lining and intestines. After a few hours the serum concentration increases when digested it absorbs into the tissues and cells. It can have very bad side affects even though the drug is a protein bound. The most common side effect is damage to the stomach lining. Other side cause include skin irritation, yellow urine, nausea and joint pain. These side effects are quite rare.TABLEDevelopment in treatment for TBThe applied science and knowledge about TB is increasing. There are number of new drugs tried, including amikacin, quinolones, rifamycin derivatives, clofazimine, and beta-lactams. They have all been tested separately but have not been tested in a multidrug regimen for treating TB. The recent increase in the occurrence of multi drug resistant TB creates an increase in the need to consider multi drug regimen as a treatment option. While all these medication have been tested none of them have been evaluated as a well intentional drug. Appropriate dosage and intervals for the use of these drugs for TB has not yet be established. However WHO reported that only 1 anti-TB drug has actually come on the market in the last 28 years. This is said to be because pharmaceutical companies have lost interest in TB research because there is little or no profit asso ciated with it (Blanc and Nun, 2000). However the source is from 2000 not up to date. New drugs for TB could have be reported after the time period 2000.VaccinationThere is only one vaccination for TB available and it is called bacillus calmette Guerin (BCG) (see figure 4). Scientist began testing between 1921 and 1924 on animal models which raised ethical concerns as many deemed testing on animals wrong, therefore BCG was considered a controversial drug. Throughout testing of the BCG vaccinum promising results were found, and it was therefore distributed worldwide as an effective treatment for TB. Today BCG is regarded as the most widely used vaccine, and is being provided to less economically developed countries as a quick way of solidifying TB this excludes people with HIV. The use of BCG vaccination faces some problems as it uses a live form of TB, the BCG is therefore not suitable for use in patients with HIV as they already have a compromised immune system, so exposing them to a live virus increases their chances of becoming infected with TB.Many vaccinations against TB are being developed. The most popular vaccine is the subunit vaccine. This vaccine is a protein obtained from the disease TB. Using a mixture of these proteins has shown good results. As it is a cellular vaccine and does not pose a risk of causing the disease.A DNA bases vaccine has been tested and has also showed promising results. The vaccine uses DNA as a system to deliver TB antigens. The DNA based vaccine does not have any problem with where the disease first originates and induces long lasting immunity. some(prenominal) trails with DNA vaccination have shown protection against TB. It does this by releasing more concentrated lymphocytes blood cells and are more effective towards the infected cells.Within the neighboring few years, these vaccines should be available and safe for testing on human specimens. When a clinical trial is set up it is always in a lab, firstly on animals. This data is deemed reliable as it is done in a lab, but requires further human testing before data is legal for human treatment.ConclusionWe cannot win the battle against HIV/AIDs if we do not also fight TB. TB is too often a death sentence for people with HIV/AIDs Nelson Mandela XV international AIDs conference, Bangkok,July 2004There is a link between developing countries and the prevalence of TB. Ways to clog this could be to provide new-borns with a vaccine against TB however that could bring the risk of the new-born being infected with the active disease if their immune system is weak.

How did the nature of work change during the 20th century? Essay

The industrial revolution trans multifariousnessed the nature of work. It involved a breakthrough in the use of inanimate energy and power, big investment in industries such as iron, coal, and textiles and a transport revolution. Industrialization metamorphosed the dimension of work. In pre-industrial society those who atomic number 18 employed experience a trait between their employers time and their own time. And the employer must use the time of his labour, and see it is not wasted, time is now up-to-dateness it is not passed but spent.Writing in the 19th century, Marx predicted that the intermediate strata would be depressed into the proletariat. However during the latter 20th century, a be of sociologists had suggested that the opposite was happening. They claimed that a process of embourgeoisement was occurring whereby increase verse of manual workers were entering the middle syllabus. During the 1950s there was a general increase in prosperity in advanced industrial s ocieties and, in particular, amongst a ripening number of manual workers whose earnings fell within the white-collar range. These highly paid affluent workerss were seen to be progressively typical of manual workers.This development, coupled with studys, which suggested that poverty was rapidly disappearing, led to the belief that the shape of stratification system was macrocosm transformed. From the triangle or pyramid shape of the 19th century (with a large and relatively impoverished working class at the bottom and a small wealthy group at the top), it was argued that the stratification system was changing to a diamond or pentagon shape with an increasing proportion of the population move into the middle range. In this middle mass society, the mass of the population was middle rather than working class.The U.S work activity has changed radically For example. In the 1950s, about 20% of the workforce was professional, 20% skilled and 60% botchy. By the 1970 the comparable figu res were about 20% for professional, less than 20% for unskilled and over 60% for skilled. This reflects a change both in the skills involve for fresh and emerging jobs and the rising skill demands for existing jobs.The theory used to explain this presumed development was a version of stinting determinism. It was argued that the demands of modern technology an advanced industrial economy determined the shape of the stratification system. E.g. American sociologist Clark Kerr claimed that advanced industrialism requests an increasingly highly educated, dexterous and skilled workforce which in turn leads to a higher pay and status occupations. In particular skilled technicians ar rapidly replacing unskilled machine minders. Jessie Bernard argued that working-class affluence is related to the needs of an industrial economy for a mass food market. In order to expand, industry requires a large market for its products. Mass consumption has been make possible because large sectors of mo dern industry have relatively low labour costs and high productivity.Bernard claimed that there is a rapidly growing middle market, which reflects the increased purchasing power of affluent manual workers. Home ownership and consumer and consumer durables such as slipstream machines, refrigerators, televisions and motorcars are no longer the preserve of white-collar workers. With reference to the class system, Bernard says The proletariat has not absorbed the middle class but rather the other way round, in the sense that the class structure here described reflects modern technology. It vindicates the Marxist thesis that social organization is determined by technological forces. (Goldthorpe and Lockwood 1969, p.9.)Change in the nature of work has also been driven by the changes in organization structures and the design of management frequently referenced as the shift from fordism to post-fordism. Fordism is named after Henry Ford, the American car manufacturer who pioneered mass production, which involved fairly rigid, highly structured and hierarchical forms of management. Michael J. Piore is amongst those who bank that capitalist countries have entered a post-fordism era.He claims that much work is now organised according to the principals of flexible distinctiveness, management now involves much team-based work settings, with much governance, greater decentralization and less hierarchical or top-down management. As a depart of this shift in organization and management, job design has changed form being narrow, repetitive, simplified, standardized in the old system to being broad, doing many tasks and having multiple responsibilities in the new system. Employees are now required to be multi/cross skilled, whereas specialized skills were required in the old system.These shifts are not likely to slow or lesson in the immediate future and the period economy suggests that these are the to a greater extent rapid growing industries and job growth in these types of industries will outpace the rate of growth in other industries where the skills demands whitethorn be less.Workers in companies which are changing along these lines need to be more broadly trained as their work becomes increasingly varied. Because of their long training and the importance of their skills to their companies, they enjoy more job security, and management makes greater attempts to enlist their cooperation.Some firms have adopted another Japanese technique, tone of voice circles. In quality circles groups of workers and managers meet together periodically to discuss how the production or performance of the company can be improved.Other initiatives may take workers representatives sitting on company boards, and profit-sharing schemes, which enable workers to benefit from any success the company enjoys.Flexible specialization then, increases the skills needed by the workforce, and unlike industries where scientific management techniques are used workers may coo perate with management in organizing the labour process. By, implication, job satisfaction increases and industrial conflict decreases.The theory of flexible specialization also implies a move away from the c erstntration of capital in giant corporations and an increase in the number of small businesses.The British economist John Atkinson has developed similar views in his theory of the flexible firm. Atkinson believes that a variety of factors have encouraged managers to make their firms more flexible. Economic recession in the 1970s and 1980s, and the consequent reduction in trades union power, technological changes and a reduction in the working week, has all made tractableness more desirable and easier to achieve.According to Atkinson flexibility takes two main forms. angiotensin-converting enzyme of which is functional flexibility, this refers to the ability of managers to redeploy workers between different tasks. Functional flexibility requires the employment of multi-skille d employees who are capable of working in different areas within a firm. Such flexible workers form the core of a companys workforce. They are employed full-time and have considerable job security. The core is usually made up of managers, designers, technical sales staff, quality control staff, technicians and craftsmen.The succor form of flexibility is numerical flexibility, which is provided by circumferential groups. Numerical flexibility refers to the ability of firms to reduce or increase the size of their labour force. The first peripheral group have full-time jobs but enjoy less job security than core workers. These workers might be clerical, supervisory, component assembly and testing, and they are easier to recruit than core workers because their skills are common to employment in many different firms. The second peripheral group of workers are even more flexible. They are not full-time permanent employees. They may work part-time, on short-term contracts, under temporary contracts or under government-training schemes. Atkinson believes that flexible firms are making increasing use of external sources of labour. More work is subcontracted and the self-employed and agency temporaries are used.A change in the attitudes towards work has also changed as a result of industrialization. The historian Thompson argues that large-scale, machine powered industry necessitated the introduction of new working patterns and with them new attitudes. According to Thompson pre-industrial work was regulated by task orientation the new necessities of the job determined when and how hard people worked. However in post-industrialization the patterns of work are based round time rather than tasks. Thompson says time is now currency it is not passed but spent. Workers who were used to a considerable amount of control over their work patterns experienced the new working day in the factory, with its emphasis on punctuality, as oppressive.They resented having to work to the cl ock. The early factory owners had considerable problems trying to persuade people to take jobs in factories. When they had recruited workers they often regarded their reluctant employees as work-shy and lazy. They therefore sought to change their attitudes and get them to accept new working patterns. According to David Lee and Howard Newby workers brought up under the assumptions of task orientation, were theme to massive indoctrination on the folly of wasting time by their employers, a moral critique of idleness which stemmed from the puritan work ethic.One of the major changes in the nature of work is that the modern concept of the housewife was created in the 20th century. In earlier times, although there were clearly differentiated sex roles, there was little doubt that men and women were both involved in production. No one would have described the wife in a theatre of European peasants, or American pioneers, as primarily a consumer. In mid-nineteenth century America, househo lds still carried out a vast range of productive activities growing and preparing food, sewing and mgoaling cloths, and reusing fabric scraps in quilts, rugs, and homemade upholstery, making and repairing furniture, tools, and other household goods, even making candles and sop from household wastes.The expansion of consumer goods industries toward the end of the 19th century began to change all this, providing affordable mass-produced substitutes for many things that had formerly been made at home. This industrial change allowed, and perhaps required, the rise of a consumer society. In the new regime, the work of the housewife shifted away from material production, toward consumption of marketed goods combined with carrying for, or nurturing, other family members. The change was a contradictory one, at once liberating women form exhausting toil, and commercialising daily life to an ever-expanding extent.Over the past century the way in which we go about getting work done has changed dramatically and this has created and facilitated fundamentally different social arrangements in the workplace. Indeed the application of new technologies has created new workplaces and challenged our thinking about where certain kinds of work can and should be done. expert advances have resulted in the sharp divisions between professionals, skilled workers and unskilled workers being altered dramatically in the latter stages of this century. Whereas a century ago there were far more unskilled workers than skilled ones, in todays world this has completely reversed and there are know far more skilled workers than unskilled.Bibliography(1) The sociology of work Keith Grint(2) The personal consequences of work in the new capitalism Richard Sennett(3) The future of work Charles Handy(4) Briton in Europe Tony Spybey(5) Www.islandpress.org/ecocompass/changingnatow/changing

Denmark vs America

In this essay I would like to tell about the differences and similarities in Denmark and the States. I will tell good stuff and bad stuff, and you will be able to hear my opinoin as well. Denmark and America are way unlike from each other, but at the same time were a bit alike. We see a lot of teenage movies, and about 95 part of them are from the states, the other 5 percent are from our own country. We see a lot about the teenage lifestyle through these movies, and no calculate if we want or not, then we all create an image in our heads about how the lifestyle is.Now Im so lucky that Ive actually tried to live the real teenage life in America, and yes, I would say that the image that I had about the Ameri potty life, was very true. still there is this thing called drama, which teenage movies love to use as exaggeration. So thank goodness that theres not all that drama in real life. The coolest thing about high schools in the states is that high schools love to bear dances, and t hey spend a lot of energy into planning them, and they spend a lof of money on them, and high school kids love these dances.Prom, for example, is the most important dance of the year, and everybody is talking about it all year. hither in Denmark we just have a random school dance where everybody drinks their brains out, and cant remember anything the adjacent day and people is only thinking about wearing the smallest outfits that they can find. Im tempted to say that the exact opposite is the case in in the states, because in the states they are trying to find the biggest dresses, and they dont drink.This brings me to the next subject that I want to talk about, alcohol. In America you cant drink untill youre twenty-one, where as here on the other human face of the world, you can drink when youre sixteen. I think both these ages are a bit ridiculous, the one in Denmark is too low, and the one in America is too high, it should be rough eighteen. One thing that I dont like about the U. S is all the crime I screw that crime is starting to escalate here in Denmark, but its still much worse in the U.S. People are walking around with guns on them children get kidnapped daily, which is the worst when that happens.When a child gets kidnapped, its all over the news and media, and this is called an Amber Alert. I tried that when I was in America, it was terrifying, guard men everywhere, helicopters, news people reporting live twenty-four seven. Unfortunately they didnt find the kid alive they found the kid only a few blocks away from its house.America has a ton of fast food restaurants which of course cause all the really fat people, who can barely walk. Here in Denmark we dont have that many fast food restaurants, but we have the most famous ones, and were acyually not skinny anymore. So my conclusion is that Denmark and America are different because of the rules and laws we have in each country, here Im thinking of the drinking age and drivers license. We like to do the same things, such as school dances and parties, but it will never be the same because of the way were raised.

Continuing Differences Between US Essay

U. S. GAAP IFRS Convergence In January 2008, the U. S. irregular issued a final rule that espouse rules that allowed non U. S. -based issuers financial statements in accordance with the IRRS, as issued by IASB, without the need to reconcile with the U. S. GAAP (SEC, pp. 20, 2008). In its ruling, the SEC acknowledged that the convergence efforts between the IFRS and U. S. GAAP vex made progress in eliminating many disparities.The SEC acknowledged that its prior complaints on lack of information or disclosure by foreign issuers on certain areas, and the manner of presentation of their financial statements have been resolved by the convergence efforts. The SEC, however, recognize that a number of difference still exist, with some explanation subjects that the IFRS has yet to fully address ( SEC, pp. 20, 1998). Continuing Differences Between US GAAP and IFRS According to the SEC, due to their sources, U. S.GAAP and IFRS will continue to have differences regardless of their convergenc e. The SEC said that these include (i) the effects of mergers, combinations and other legacy transactions that happened when the convergence was still initiated, and (ii) those arising as a result of accounting elections (for example, hedge accounting) that foreign issuers desex under those standards (SEC, pp. 21, 2008). The International Accounting Standards Board in its 2005 report said that certain divergence issues has to be addressed in the long-term.These include (i) classification of debts on refinancing or default under credit agreements, (ii) differences in financial instruments accounting, (iii) post-employment benefits, and (iv) long-lived assets impairment and borrowing costs capitalization. AIFRS/Australian GAAP PricewaterhouseCoopers reviewed the the Australian equivalents to International fiscal Reporting Standards (AIFRS) and gave recommendations to the Australian Accounting Standards Board. PwC pointed to divergences between Australian Standards (AIFRS) and IFRSAcc ording to PWC, the implementation of AIRFS is expect to improve corporate governance and financial reporting in Australia. Ernst & schoolboyish Report Ernst & Young said the IRS differ significantly from those principles in use. Among other things, the IRS protocol on business combinations compel recognition of more intangible assets to be valued an recognized than practiced in local accounting rules. E&Y said that the IFRS will help companies improve their internal control as it requires more extensive reporting procedures, and will require greater transparency among firms as a common financial standard will be used.E&Y said in its report that the conversion to IFRS has a substantial impact on financial reporting which requires management and personnel to focus on improving strategy because * financial statements presentation has been modified * measurement of assets and debts may result in increase in earnings and volatility in equity. * special disclosures would be required.REF ERENCESFinal Rule Acceptance From Foreign Private Issuers of Financial. January 9, 2008. Securities and Exchange Commission. http//www. sec. gov/rules/final/2007/33-8879. pdfInternational Convergence status. 15 June 2008. International Accounting Standards Board. http//72. 3. 243. 42/fasac/06-21-05_intl. pdf Padoa-Scioppa. 19 May 2006. Financial Times. retrieved 13 Aug. 2008. http//www. iasb. org/News/Announcements+and+Speeches/Work+on+converging+accounting+standards+must+go+on. htm PriceWaterhouseCoopers. 28 Jan. 2005. Submission to Parliamentary Joint citizens committee on Corporations and Financial Services. http//www. aph. gov. au/SENATE/committee/corporations_ctte/completed_inquiries/2004-07/aas/submissions/sub22. pdf

Alice’s Adventure of Self Discovery in Wonderland

The bildungsroman novel Alices Adventures in Wonderland, by Lewis Carroll elucidates the idea of humans needing to be faced with a forceful situation, in bon ton to grow and develop their own identity. Alice begins in the novel as a respectful and naive squirt, one typical of the Victorian Era. She struggles with adjusting to the new-fangled situations, as sound as the growth and changes of her torso. Alices escapades in Wonderland allow her to change her views with regard to authority as well as to understand different life situations.Alices time in Wonderland compels her to become more independent as well as to stand up for herself, ergo becoming a mature, self-reliant unseasoned woman. Alices adventures in Wonderland permit her to understand and accept her bodys baffling changes. As Alice enters Wonderland, a world where nothing is the same, her body changes sizes eleven times, something that is drastic for anyone, not only a new girl. When she sat down and began to cry ag ain (Carroll 17), this was in regard to her bodys rapid and confusing changes.Alices body changed, she was completely hopeless as well had no idea on how to deal with the situation, much like a child entering puberty. When a child first enters puberty, they are extremely un flourishing, but eventually they become more and more comfortable with the changes and in their own skin. Alice proves that she is becoming more comfortable with herself and her identity when she declares, Oh dear Id nearly forgotten that Ive got to grow up again Let me see-how is it to be managed (39).Alices body no longer has control over her, but instead she has control over her own body. Throughout Alices Adventures in Wonderland, Alice continues to become more comfortable with her body as well as in foreign and unfamiliar situations. Alices adventure allows her not only to become more comfortable with her body, but as well as more comfortable in regard to understanding the role that authority plays in socie ty. When Alice first enters Wonderland, she is a confused, helpless child, who does not understand how to stand up for herself.In the beginning of the novel, Alice is thrown into a world where the strict rules she lives by no longer apply, and as a result does not understand how to act, particularly in regard to authority. When the track down makes a mistake of calling to Alice saying, Why Mary Ann, what are you doing here? Alice was so panicky she ran off at erst without saying a word (10), Alice clearly acknowledges and understands the mistake. Due to her strict, traditional Victorian upbringing, she was taught to obey authority at all costs and never to contradict someone who was in a position of power.In Wonderland however, all that Alice thought she knew about authority is tossed aside, as those rules no longer apply. Although Alice indubitably knows she is not Mary Ann, the Rabbits maid, she is too afraid to disobey authority and point out the error of his ways. However, just on in the novel, as well as further on in Alices growth as a human, she becomes more comfortable with speaking up to authority. When Alice contradicts the Queen and her poor decisions when the Queen exclaims, Off with her runOff with her.. but Alice barges in and declares that it is nonsense. (72). Alice not only becomes more comfortable as herself, but more comfortable speaking up and against authority, an important flavor of maturing. Alices growth and maturing not only depends on her physical size, but it also depends on her ability to adapt to new situations. In Wonderland, all of the new rules that come with these strange games, from the caucus race to the croquet game are metaphors to amicable situations.At the beginning of Alices adventure, Alice is confused by these new social situations, and does not quite now how to react to them. During the croquet game, Alice is unsure and rather doubtful whether she ought not to lie down on her face like the third gardeners . (35). Alice had never been in a situation like this, and she clearly did not know how to react, something that is learned over time as a person matures. some other example further along in the novel is when Alice is thrown into a new situation, where a baby is in danger, irrefutably a situation she had never been in before.Although Alice was unfamiliar with the social protocol, or what one would typically do in such a situation, she was mature enough to trust her instincts and stand up for the child by exclaiming at the Duchess, Oh please mind what youre doing You nearly took his nose off (39). As Alice continues to mature and emerge as a young adult, she begins to trust her intuitions as well as defends her thoughts and ideas. Through Alices journey, she becomes more mature and as a result, adapts to new situations more easily.Alices Adventures in Wonderland is a fantasy, bildungsroman novel that explores coming of age, in regard to puberty as well as social maturity. Although within the novel, it is Alices physical size that changes quite often, she matures passim the novel while in Wonderland, adapting more easily to new, frightening situations as well as developing her moral courage. Alice begins her adventure as a frightened young girl, one who can barely cope in a situation, and she ends her journey being a strong, fearless and independent young woman.

Even A Clown Can Do It: Cirque du Soleil Recreates Live Entertainment Essay

Cirque du Soleil is a Canadian diversion company which was make waterd in 1984 by a group of young street cle bers. Daniel Gauthier and Guy LaLiberte be the base Co-Presidents of Cirque du Soleil who self-described the company as a mix of circus arts and street recreation and reinvent the circus industry from then on. 1. What are the key agentive intents kept by Le Cirque? Which ones are downplayed and which ones were played up? Since Le Cirque is a circus company, it kept existing traditions of the circus such as the circus arts, featuring jugglers, trampolinists, trapeze artists, teeterboard virtuosos and, of course, c small(a)ns. Soleil combined elements of dance, circus and opera to keep its artistry, but the proportion of playing period and humor in the whole show was decreased. Further, due to the increase of thematic line and the lack of a ringmaster announcing the acts, the individual performers are downplayed. Each of them now acts one of the roles to develop the over tout ensemble thematic element and their label are not showed in the cast list. In early(a) words, big name acts have no place in Cirque du Soleil. Soleil keeps tents and subsidisations.As a tralatitiously large source of circus revenues which roughly 20% at the Ringling Brothers& Co. shows, Soleil only gains less than 10% of revenues from it. Compare with earning some of money from swaping regimen and toys during the performance or inside the tent, Soleil preferred the performance-centered ethic of the troupe since the performances and themes are utterly unique. Sponsorships are an all important(p) source of revenue for Soleil. Soleil arse mention the sponsors in the playbill, advertising and banners around the tent. The last key factor kept by Le Cirque is retaining the show on tour. Soleil plays it up by permanently perform three shows in Las Vegas and Disney World. 2. Which factors were totally eliminated by Le Cirque and what are the operational and financial impl ications? Soleil changed the two-fold show arenas which is known as the three-ring venues for the following reasons. In order to overcome the visual distance from the audience, the clowns headstone face garishly and wear oversized shoes which probably frightening to the small children in a closer distance. Also, this format required more performers for each venue which definitely increase the apostrophize. The aisle concessionsales were totally eliminated for the reason I mentioned above.The most striking differences of the Cirque du Soleil from the traditional circuses are the complete absence of star performers and animal shows. The animal acts are known as the most expensive make up for a show since the animals for circuses are frequently owned by their trainers and only leased to the show. Further, there are the fee for the services of the animals and its trainer, transportation as well as training. 3. Which factors were newly created by Le Cirque, and where do you think the inspiration came from? First of all, combination of traditional circus and street entertainment are the content created by the company. Second, a thematic line and storyline are manifested throughout the show in all kinds of manners. The creative teams at Cirque du Soleil would choose a theme first and then build a show to suit. It is more like an opera in this way and provides a high quality, seamless and fulfilling entertainment experience for audience. Third, by choosing distinctive themes, the company can create multiple productions which can enhance the reflux rate of the audience. For example, Cirque du Soleil has the shows named Mystere, La Nouba, Dralion, O and Quidam. Four, an artistic original music and dance with magic igniter and timing effects bring the audience visually feelings. The inspiration comes from mixing elements from circus, opera, music, dance and theatre as well as quit some aspects from traditional circuses, Laliberte actually reconstructed elements a nd the form of circus to a sophisticated entertainment. By doing so, Soleil is able to sell the tickets at a higher price to all senior(a) audience instead of discounted tickets to children. It has raising the circus to a new scale and expanded target audience. As the circus historian Fred Pfening asks, But is it circus?(Williamson, 2000) Laliberte, probably, want to do something utterly unique and irrelevant or rather he just hope to help young people to express their dreams. 4. How does Cirque du Soleil create superior profits? How does it improve industry growth and generate revenues? How does it raise profitability and reduce its cost structure? Cirque du Soleil create superior profits by reinventing the circus industry and creating an uncontested grocery store space.More professionally, it move from red nautical strategy to blue ocean strategy. Same as the traditional circus, the great majority of revenues for Soleil are form ticket sales. However, it redefied circus indust ry and target audience as I mentioned above to selltickets higher with full face abide by. It actually make the competition irrelevant. By creating diversified themes and high quality performances, Soleil remains the highest seat occupancy with approximately 85%-95% in the industry. Further, from establish 2 we can see the amount of attendance jumped rapidly to almost 6 million from 1990 to 2000. The themes were overly increased from one to six. Soleil creates and captures the new demand of the audience. Sponsorships play a low-key but important role in Soleils profits. A main sponsor guarantees a gate to the circus and is able to sell the tickets independently. Besides, three permanent shows hold frequently in the places with large potential customers, such as Las Vegas. Orlando and Disney World. The way of choosing the locations are changed. Obviously, the combination of these tourist cities and the fantastic shows is a creative idea to attract plenty of audience. Therefore, we can see the form Exhibit 1 that the major circus revenues increased rapidly to catch up with Feld Entertainment from 1993 to 2000. The most importantly, Soleil follows the different strategic logic called value innovation. It is the cornerstone of the blue ocean strategy since it break the value-cost trade-off. The definition for it is the simultaneous pursuit of differentiation and low cost, creating a leap in value for both buyers and the company (Blue Ocean Strategy, 2013). In this case, Soleil pursue the differentiation and lift buyer value by reinvent the industry and create many new factors as I mentioned in question 3. In addition, it eliminated animal acts and star performers to reduce the cost. Unlike the Irving Feld who expends a lot to add trill and danger, Soleil reduced these to spare money for company. In conclusion, Cirque de Soleil realized if it wants to be succeed, it must stop compete with each other and to create a new market. According to the four action framew ork, the company find out the item changes it should take. By breaking the market boundaries of circus and theater and reconstruct all the elements, Soleil achieved both differentiation and low cost or rather value innovation. It breaks the value-cost trade-off and create new best-practice rules under the blue ocean strategy. In general, it is not circus. It is Soleil.ReferenceBlue Ocean Strategy (2013). Value innovation.http//www.blueoceanstrategy.com/concepts/bos-tools/value-innovation/ Williamson,M. (2000) Even a jest Can Do It Cirque du Soleil Recreates Live Entertainment.

American History X and Racism

American History X is a film with racism as its all overarching theme. Specifically, the subject of the film focuses not on the phenomenon of racism as we know it, slavery and the Malcolm X period, however on its current trends namely the neo-Nazist, white supremacist movement of the 90s. This report card is determined to present the unconcealed connections between American History X and Racism, after which the discussion leave alone present some minded(p) outlooks in the movie. These scenes are analyzed from a racial discrimination standpoint. Lastly, a ad hominem reflection on the movie concludes the argumentations.The films treatment is like a stereogoing back and onward from the present and the flashbacks. In the same way, the major scenes will be presented here in a non-linear fashion. atomic number 53 of the most important scenes in this film is when the film explains why Derek is mad with minorities. The underlying reason for this abomination is when Dereks dad is shot by a Black drug dealer. Having felt this injustice and creation helpless in expressing his anger, Derek was approached by Cameron. This scene is important in presenting racism as not live in a vacuum.There are always reasons behind actions, that point the most bizarre or mixed-up of behaviors can be explained by specific past experiences. Racism is rooted in intolerance and shame towards others. Hatred is a sowed seed and here we begin to understand that a racist perpetrator has his admit reasons why he is behaving in such a way. The abuses of the Nazism in Ger many a(prenominal) kill Jews, concentration camps, general hunting of wad with Jewish descentwill not take place without an idea, or a good reason, that the majority of people would buy into. People would be foolish to just wake up one day and decide to decimate 6 million people.Ideas are baronful, because ideas turn into word meaning and acceptance turns into actions, actions become behavior and behavior chang es into a cultural norm in the long run. Ideas, moreover, are except goodish because people buy into them. This is why the scene at the grocery store with Koreans is important. The scene portrays the power of ideas and its ability to change people. Moreover, the speech of Derek at the store presents surprising parallelisms with the ideas that people bought into during the Nazi movement. In Dereks speech, he said that Koreans are stealing the opportunities that are supposed to be for Americans.The illegal immigrants that work in America creates the joblessness of the Whites. In the same way, the Nazis of Germany argued that the Jewish refugees from a devastated nation came to Germany carrying nothing and they thrived thereowning businesses, banks, etcand became powerful while a bulk of the German population are poor and unemployed. The grocery store scene shows just how potent a dangerous idea is. People want to follow a fanatical leader. Racism became accepted because people tol erate the act and follow the dangerous norm. Similarly, people with strong object lesson convictions are alike heard. The scene of Dr.Sweeney and Danny is significant because it shows how racism can be challenged, not through hostility, plainly with reason. Dialogue fosters understanding, or at least, it presents a different way of looking at things. Sweeneys denomination makes Danny pretend outside the boxoutside his personal stereotypes and values on racism. Sweeney challenges his ideas and in a way, becomes a counter-force to Dannys predisposition towards racism. The anti-racism movement is laden with Sweeney types of people such as Luther King Jr. who took the non-violent course of action of reasoning in pointing to the evils of racism itself.Sweeney is the personification of the challenge against the neo-Nazist trend. His moral courage and convictions made people think and listen. Another important scene in the film is the presentation of Derek and his change of heart. Th is took place in prison, where racism is also a strong force that binds and separates inmates. In prison, Derek is still resolved in his racist convictions and he bonded with fellow racists, until he was befriended by a Black guy. His previous stereotypes regarding Blacks was challenged by the good-natured behavior of the disgraceful guy.It is essentially a realization that people of different colors are still people sharing a common humanity. When fellow racist inmates raped Derek for befriending a Black guy, he came to understand that integrity and evil are not just seen by the color of the skin. There is blackness of the heart even in the whitest of white, and a whiteness of the soul in the pitch black-colored person. Every act of kindness and all act of force out has its ripple effects beyond what a person can control. This is seen in the scenes pursuit Dereks return. Dereks little brother Danny had taken where he left off.Now Danny took the same convictions as Derek by be ing adamantly intolerant of minorities. The small anti-Black movement that Derek started became a great massive force, and now that he had a deeper realization of the evil of racism, he sees that he is responsible for this. Undoing things are more sticky that doing them, especially when we do things mindlessly such as when we resort to hatred and rage. It is easy to sow seeds of violence because it spreads like wildfire, but sowing peace is like planting a seed that needs to be nurtured. Danny also had his turning point. His brother made him realize that racism is a useless thing.Blaming others for the death of ones father does not solve the problem, it just makes it worse. He understood that violence will only be met with violence. The symbolic image of the brothers turning point is the cleaning up of their Nazi-decorated rooms. Writing the American History X paper also supports Dannys non-violence approach towards the hostilities of the world. He writes analyze and interpret on the computer. Racism is phenomenal because not many people analyze and interpret before acting on something. In many cases, irrational and false interpretations create chaos.When there is no room for analysis, there is no opportunity for people to try and understand each other before rendering biased interpretations and actions. Racism presents to us that it is a very strong force, one that is rooted in hostility and intolerance. American History X depicts that tip of hostility and intolerance in the different cascading scenes of the past. When our small monsters of hostility become gigantic titans of racism, we are confronted by something intimidating. Dereks solution is to run, leave the giant. Running from the problem of racism does not solve the fundamental personal and social issues.While running seems tempting, the reality of racism is still with us and it will neer go past unless it is collectively confronted in modern-day America and everywhere else. Running is a temporar y solution to a long-term problem. Derek runs with Danny, but eventually the giant catches on themDanny is shot by the same guy he had a violent (although subtle) argument with the day before. What does the death of Danny imply? It tells us that violence, in all its forms and degrees, is foolishness, it is never a means to an endthereby rendering racism not as a virtue, but as a moral evil.Racism is only one form of violence, just as making some other human being bite the pavement is another. Unknowingly, many of us do not realize that violence exists both within us and also in our world. Violence does not just mean killing people, it also exists in intolerance over other peoples beliefs and skin color, it is harsh lyric poem spoken, it is a thought unspoken. Racism is not only seen but felt while America boasts of equating and human rights racism is still seen and felt in its other subtle forms of violence. The path of non-violence is a fine but difficult journey that we must a ll decide to take.I now end with the echoing address of Abraham Lincoln quoted during Dannys death scene, his final words in the American History X paper We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not uprise our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield and patriot grave, to every living heart and hearth-stone, all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature. Works Cited American History X. Dir. Tony Kaye. Perf. Edward Norton. New Line Cinema. 1998.

Linguistic imperialism Essay

Linguistic imperialism can be defined as the enforcement or imposition of wizard language onto a nonher it t mop ups to be a key wight of the colonialist seeking to mend the backward societies that they find, generally to their own purpose. Thus, writers much(prenominal) as Friel and Achebe swallow sought-after(a) to reanimate the up to now ever present colonialist perceptions of the west by attacking the riding habit of language in their societies, for example, Hiberno- position in variations.Further much, it is necessary to analyse the soma and structure of the primary texts, for instance, how Achebe and Friel both manage to structure their texts in such a way that it gives a distinctly foreign aesthetic, whilst still creating a subtly intelligent and overcritical communicatory. Also, it is important to look at the literary techniques and devices that argon used within Translations and Things Fall Apart, for example, dramatic chaff (e. g. the reference to the potato fa mine in Translations) or symbols like Mr. chocolate-brown in Things Fall Apart, who pose a could-have-been harmonious presence between two vastly distinguishable cultures.In addition, it is necessary to lineage and compare the primary texts with secondary texts such as Ngugi wa Thiongos The Language of African Literature, and analyse how relevant or arrive ative Things Fall Apart and Translations are in their implicit in(p) criticism of lingual imperialism. Overall, it is a crucial to explore these various threads of investigation to come to an boilersuit conclusion in terms of how Friel and Achebe present the issue of linguistic imperialism and how successful they are.George Steiner, in After Babel, writes that Translation exists because men dis mark different languages (1998, p. 51). He goes on to question it, by asking Why should sympathetic beings speak thousands of different, mutually incomprehensible tongues? (1998, p. 51), that homo sapiens are basically biologicall y the same wherefore have we not evolved to speak unrivaled common language? Steiners study of language and conference concludes that with the death of a language comes the dissolution of cultures and identities Each takes with it a storehouse of consciousness (1998, p.56).This was of consequential figure out to Brian Friel and Translations, notable throughout the play. For instance, the various ways in which Friel portrays translation the cartographers Owens not-completely-correct translation of Lancey Maire and Yollands romanticistic tryst and so forth create the notion that the English language is not compatible with Irish culture. This is an overarching idea that reaches its crescendo with the Donnelly twins, Friels representation of the Provision IRA within the play i. e. the violent end of Yolland, inferred by the actions of the Donnelly twins, is an echo of 1980s era conflicts.These conflicts were created by tensions still remaining today, by Protestants and Catholics in Federal Ireland the Catholics calling for the reunification of Ireland, and Protestants wishing to remain separated realistically, these tensions would have not necessarily existed had there been no British colonising of Ireland, and Translations has been identified as echoing Friels political interest in the matters.The reader or listening of Translations are bound by Friel to a highly complex idea of translation and the pasture of language in a culture similarly, we are made aware of this in Things Fall Apart. wiz of the nearly accessible passages that exemplify this goes as follows When they had all gathered the smock man began to speak to them. He spoke through an interpreter who was an Ibo man, though his dialect was different and harsh to the ears of Mbanta.Many people laughed at his dialect and the way he used words strangely. Instead of saying myself he always express my scarcetocks. (Things Fall Apart, p. 136) Subtly, Achebe feeds the reader linguistic perspect ive alien to most western sandwich culture that Africa was not, and is not, a land full of savages who cannot communicate as well as the Europeans, and instead a variety of different tongues that is not necessarily exactly recognisable from one clan to another.In regards to Translations, Friel has been left relatively unscathed by those in Ireland who may have felt aban hold outed by Friels artistic purpose to employ Hiberno-English as opposed to contemporary Gaelic, whilst both authors have clearly chosen English as a medium to address linguistic imperialism (using the tool of colonialism once muchst the colonialists). Achebe has been highly criticised for writing in English. Ngugi wa Thiongo criticised African authors who chose English over their native tongue to write in.He asked How did we arrive at this espousal of the fatalistic logic of the unassailable position of English in our literature, in our culture, and in our government? (1995, p. 287) Thiongo goes on to say t hat as the bullet is to physical oppressiveness, language was the means of spiritual subjugation (1995, p. 287). To understand Thiongos logic, the reader needs to take into context a passage gain ground on in the essay, which refers to his experiences at a colonial school and the use of his mother tongue, GikuyuThus one of the most humiliating experiences was to be caught speaking Gikuyu in the vicinity of the school. The culprit was given corporal penalisation three to five strokes of the cane on bare buttocks or was made to carry a metal plate around the neck with inscriptions such as I AM STUPID or I AM A DONKEY (1995, p. 288) Thiongo is asserting that the use of English was imposed upon umteen of the African tribes and with it the enforcement of superiority and supposed civilisation to use Gikuyu was to be made to feel inferior and stupid, and to speak English fluently would be the height of education achievement.A further statement by Thiongo states Literary education w as now determined by the dominant language while also reinforcing that dominance. Orature in Kenyan languages stopped. (1995, p. 288). The loss of such orature and its replacement by the English written word was heavily destructive, check to Thiongo he concludes the essay be ac receiveledging that human society and culture is formed by the interactions and chat of people, that complex systems of ethics and experience, these systems creating one distinctive society from another.If the means of communication that has developed such a conjunction is, like Tobair Vree in Translations something is being eroded (p. 53), or destroyed, and then, much like Steiner, that society is lost. To Thiongo, Achebes use of English over his native tongue is, rather than delicate manipulation for the anti-colonialist purpose, actually contributive in destroying that particular culture forever. However, despite Thiongos clear dissatis incidention at Achebes use of the English language as a genera l point, this point could be considered moot.Early on in the essay, Thiongo quotes Achebe as saying Is it right that a man should abandon his mother tongue for soulfulness elses? IT looks like a dreadful betrayal and produces a guilty feeling. But for me there is no other choice. I have been given the language and intend to use it. (1995, p. 285 citing 1975, p. 62) This is evident in the thorough construction and consideration of Things Fall Apart. Achebe has written a novel in which the reader could easily recollect themselves around a blazing fire with an elder of a Nigerian clan, with the story being meticulously recited to them.The rhythm of the novel is manipulated in such a way that it becomes less like an English-written novel and more a native piece of orature. For example, Achebe makes good use of drums in the novel, to create the rhythm of the traditional narrative Just then the distant beating of drums began to reach them the drums beat the unmistakable wrestling danc e quick, lower and gay, and it came floating on the wind. (Things Fall Apart, p. 41)A further use of language to create an African English is the utilisation of proverbs, which play a central part in emphasising the Ibo culture, as proverbs are the palm-oil with which words are eaten. In addition, Achebe peppers Things Fall Apart with Ibo words this digression is an act of defiance to the colonists who felt they could just supply Ibo culture (religion, education and so forth). By this, Achebe means to illustrate the barriers of translation, in that there is no fitting word for, as an example, ogbanje, one of those wicked children who, when they died, entered their mothers womb to be born again.Similarly, Achebes conquest to plough the Colonialists language back in on itself, Achebe wrote an essay called An count on of Africa Racism in Conrads Heart of Darkness. Achebe analyses Western views of Africa (such as those of that erudite British historian Regius Professor of Oxford , Hugh Trevor Roper (Achebe, 1961)) in stinging rhetoric which de spicyrs the idea of that prolific early anti-colonialist novelists like Conrad were, perchance unwittingly, racist in themselves. Achebe writes Conrad was born in 1857it was certainly not his fault that he lived in a time when the story of the dingy man was at a particularly low level. But there remains still in Conrads pose a residue of antipathy to obtuse people Certainly, Conrad had a conundrum with niggers. His inordinate love of that word itself should be of interest to psychoanalysts. Sometimes his fixation on disastrousness is as interesting as when he gives us this brief description of a black personA black figure stood up, strong long black legs, waving long black arms as though we might expect them to wave white arms (Achebe, 1961) In this short except, it is noticeable how Achebe associates Conrads conduplicatio of black as sinister, and potentially in itself, a form of linguistic imperialism in t his, it is the fact that the word black (and nigger) has previously been held to have negatively charged connotations or was created for a negative purpose, but both create a reputation of the black man at a particularly low level (Achebe, 1961).Achebe also goes on to say that these psychoanalysts who have already written at length about Conrad fail to recognise his attitude to black people, even in discussion over anti-Semitic values, which only leads one to surmise that Western psychoanalysts must regard the kind of racism displayed by Conrad as absolutely normal (Achebe, 1961) and that this same control of vulgar fashion prejudices insults from which a section of mankind has suffered untold agonies (Achebe, 1961) has been described by a hard scholar as among the half dozen greatest short novels in the English language (Achebe, 1961).From this, the audience of this essay can understand that Achebe, in as short a summary as possible, suggests that one of the most famous or in t his case infamous novellas to be written on the matter of Africa by a European stranger epitomises how the English language has been used as Thiongos subjugation of the soul even if Conrads intentions in writing it were not consciously racist, in nerve-wracking to purvey a certain message he colonised the African peoples by associating them with pejoratives and otherwise negative descriptors.Friel and Achebe are both influential authors for similar reasons they attack subversive, modern perceptions of lost worlds that have in late years movements like African National Congress in South Africa and the IRA in Ireland sought to revert nation-states to their natural, pre-colonial state. In this, they have both similar and not so similar approaches to literature, and have incorporated techniques to manipulate ideas incorporated in their book. For example, both authors make use of particular styles of writing to pantomime the native language whilst writing in the colonial language ( i.e. English).In Friels case, this is Hiberno-English, which is a form of Irish that retains its Gaelic lexical structure whilst being spoken in English, for instance, when Doalty says to Manus Hi, Manus, theres two bucks down the road there asking for you (Translations, p. 46) in strict grammatical terms, Doaltys phrase structure does not make sense in proper English, demonstrating inherent intimacy and deitis. Friel is applying the idea of Continual figurehead of Gaelic to the English language.This application is also a theatrical device or conceit whereby Hugh is usually portrayed with an English accent, as he does not use Hiberno-English. Similarly, Achebe put simply, both in lexicon and sentence structure, he opts for the straightforward instead of the obtuse (Easthope, 1988) and in doing so imitates traditional Ibo storytelling. Another literary device used by Friel and Achebe in their respective texts is their use of symbolism. In Things Fall Apart, Achebe uses locusts to symbolise the invading colonialists And then the locusts camethe elders said locusts came once in a generation, reappeared every year for seven years and then disappeared for another lifetime. They went back to their caves in a distant land, where they were guarded by a race of scrabbly men. (Things Fall Apart, p. 51) The above quote inferences that the locusts are the colonialists, by Achebe carefully alluding to the race of stunted men that lives in a distant land. Achebe goes on Then quite suddenly a shadow condemnable on the world At first, a fairly small swarm came. They were harbingers sent to survey the land.And then appeared on the horizon a slowly moving mass like a boundless cerement of black cloud drifting towards Umuofia. (Things Fall Apart, p. 52) In this, Achebes symbolism is clear those like Mr. Brown and initial missionaries were assigned only to convert those African savages into morally correct Christians, and to some extent allowed their cultures to liv e as congruently as possible. It is only with the materialisation of the govern Commissioner who declares the Ibo people to be in the dominion of our queen, the most powerful ruler in the world that this comes to a head.Achebe foreshadows the jumping ship of characters like Nwoye, by referencing the consumption of the locusts such members of the community have consumed the colonialist culture, in all its forms, including language. Unlike Achebes extended metaphor of the locusts, Friel uses a passing, but nonetheless poignant, subtle symbolic reference to the potato famine. Bridget proclaims They say thats the way it snakes in, dont they? First they smell and then one morning the stalks are all black and hopple (Translations, p. 18) with Maire exclaimingSweet smell Sweet smell Every year at this time somebody comes back with stories of the sweet smell. Sweet God, did the potatoes ever fail in Baile Beag? There was never a plague here but were all sniffing about for a disaster. (Translations, p. 18) This is symbolic of the rotting Irish culture, and weakness language as contextually the potato was the staple foodstuff. The potato famine was not only symbolic, but also highly ironic when Maire says did the potatoes ever fail in Baile Beag? the audience knows fully well that they would.This device, more specifically referred to as dramatic irony, is used often by Friel in Translations, and serves to foreshadow eventual(prenominal) destruction too. Another use of it is Hughs recital of The Aeneid Such was such was the course such was the course ordained ordained by fate What the hells wrong with me? Sure I know it back ways, Ill begin again. Urbs antiqua fuit (Translations, pp. 90-91) This is doubly ironic, as on the one hand, Hugh cannot seem to fully hatch it Latin and Greek are often referenced throughout the play by Jimmy jak and Hugh, both of them themselves being dead languages and cultures.Perhaps in further reference to After Babel by Geor ge Steiner, the fact that Hugh cannot remember it is a reflection of Gaelic even intelligent scholars like him will eventually stomach a tongue they have worked so hard to protect. A further projection of irony in Hughs recital is the content of Virgils The Aeneid. The Aeneid is a parallel between the destruction of Carthage, a city on the North African coast, by the Romans and the destruction of Baile Beag by the English.What is highly ironic about The Aeneid, and to the highest degree makes this piece of dramatic irony self-parodying, is that The Aeneid was written in the language of those that destroyed Carthage (the Romans). Again, irony is quite overriding in Things Fall Apart with the most pertinent example falling, like Translations, at the end of the novel. This is the District Commissioners reaction to Okonkwos suicide Everyday brought him new material. The story of this man who had killed a courier and hanged himself would make interesting reading.One could almost wri te a whole chapter on him. Perhaps not a whole chapter but a reasonable paragraph, at any rate. (Things Fall Apart, p. 197) This is ironic because after the lengthy and tumultuous tale of Okonkwo and his struggles to not be like his father, the complex hierarchy of elders and the intricacy of Okonkwo and his struggles to not be like his father, the complex hierarchy of elders and the intricacy of their traditions and religion, the District Commissioner feels it can only almost be written about in one chapter, and designates to only a paragraph.This is highly representative of the failure of the white man to translate the Ibo culture and ability into being a highly complex culture, and instead treats the colonization of the Ibo people as The Pacification of the Primitive Tribes of the Lower Niger (Things Fall Apart, p. 197). In conclusion, both Achebe and Friel carefully construct stories using literary devices that serve to recreate their personal heritage of a realistic and pitif ul community who fall victim to unrepentant imperialism. In this, they have been able to repudiate colonial superiority in particular in regards to language and colonial ideas of progression.Whilst both portray three dimensional characters in that they are atomistic for example, in Translations, Hughs view of the English is different to Owens which is in turn separate from Manuss and provides a highly explorative analysis of linguistic imperialism and its effect on individuals and the community. To summarise, all of the text referred to in this essay, in their own ways, are deeply critical of the effects of linguistic imperialism, particularly in the context of colonialism and so-called progression.